In recent years, immunotherapy represented by immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has led
to unprecedented breakthroughs in cancer treatment. However, the fact that many tumors …

Dying mammalian cells emit numerous signals that interact with the host to dictate the
immunological correlates of cellular stress and death. In the absence of reactive antigenic …

The cyclic GMP–AMP synthase (cGAS)–stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway has
emerged as a critical innate immune pathway that, following engagement by DNA, promotes …

Apoptosis is a form of regulated cell death (RCD) that involves proteases of the caspase
family. Pharmacological and genetic strategies that experimentally inhibit or delay apoptosis …

Copper is an essential trace element in biological systems, maintaining the activity of
enzymes and the function of transcription factors. However, at high concentrations, copper …

Dendritic cells (DCs) exhibit a specialized antigen-presenting function and play crucial roles
in both innate and adaptive immune responses. Due to their ability to cross-present tumor …

The daily removal of billions of apoptotic cells in the human body via the process of
efferocytosis is essential for homeostasis. To allow for this continuous efferocytosis, rapid …

Cancer development and its response to therapy are regulated by inflammation, which
either promotes or suppresses tumor progression, potentially displaying opposing effects on …

Autophagy is a core molecular pathway for the preservation of cellular and organismal
homeostasis. Pharmacological and genetic interventions impairing autophagy responses …

Radiotherapy (RT) is delivered for purposes of local control, but can also exert systemic
effect on remote and non-irradiated tumor deposits, which is called abscopal effect. The view …