Opioids mediate their effects via opioid receptors: mu, delta, and kappa. At the neuronal
level, opioid receptors are generally inhibitory, presynaptically reducing neurotransmitter …

Migraine is considered mostly a woman's complaint, even if it affects also men.
Epidemiological data show a higher incidence of the disease in women, starting from …

Until recently, steroid hormones were believed to act only on cells containing intracellular
receptors. However, recent evidence suggests that steroids have specific and rapid effects at …

The inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA acts in the mammalian brain through two different
receptor classes: GABAA and GABAB receptors. GABAB receptors differ fundamentally from …

Classically, 17β-estradiol (E 2) is thought to control homeostatic functions such as
reproduction, stress responses, feeding, sleep cycles, temperature regulation, and motivated …

Hypothalamic proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons are critical for controlling homeostatic
functions in the mammal. We used a transgenic mouse model in which the POMC neurons …

Hypothalamic kisspeptin (Kiss1) neurons express estrogen receptor α (ERα) and exert
control over GnRH/LH secretion in female rodents. It has been proposed that estradiol (E2) …

Evidence for nongenomic actions of steroids is now coming from a variety of fields of steroid
research. Mechanisms of steroid action are being studied with regard to the membrane …

Ovarian hormones have a significant effect on the central nervous system of female
migraineurs. Reproductive milestones such as menarche, pregnancy, and menopause are …

GABAB receptors are a distinct subclass of receptors for the major inhibitory transmitter 4-
aminobutanoic acid (GABA) that mediate depression of synaptic transmission and contribute …