The main purpose of many medical studies is to estimate the effects of a treatment or
exposure on an outcome. However, it is not always possible to randomize the study …

Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) are often considered to be the highest quality of
evidence owing to the absence of baseline confounding, the simplicity of analyses, and …

Background Methylphenidate is the most frequently prescribed medication for the treatment
of ADHD in children and adolescents in many countries. Although many randomised …

Importance The risk of birth and neurodevelopmental complications with prenatal exposure
to antipsychotics is unclear. Objective To evaluate the association between prenatal …

BACKGROUND: Recommendations for apixaban dosing on the basis of kidney function are
inconsistent between the US Food and Drug Administration and European Medicines …

Aims Previous studies have found high sodium intake to be associated with increased risks
of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and all-cause mortality among individuals with …

Background: Two recent randomized clinical trials of escalating doses of allopurinol for the
progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) reported no benefits but potentially increased …

This report proposes a stepwise process covering the range of considerations to
systematically consider key choices for study design and data analysis for non-interventional …

Real‐world evidence used for regulatory, payer, and clinical decision‐making requires
principled epidemiology in design and analysis, applying methods to minimize confounding …

Background Emerging data demonstrate that the use of integrase inhibitor (INSTI)-based
antiretroviral treatment (ART) is associated with increased weight, but the cardiometabolic …