The formation of the Isthmus of Panama stands as one of the greatest natural events of the
Cenozoic, driving profound biotic transformations on land and in the oceans. Some recent …

An integration of diverse strain markers into a palinspastic reconstruction of the northern
Andes provides a first-order quantitative approximation to the response of a complex margin …

The freshwater and marine fish faunas of South America are the most diverse on Earth, with
current species richness estimates standing above 9100 species. In addition, over the last …

Uranium-lead geochronology in detrital zircons and provenance analyses in eight boreholes
and two surface stratigraphic sections in the northern Andes provide insight into the time of …

The linking of North and South America by the Isthmus of Panama had major impacts on
global climate, oceanic and atmospheric currents, and biodiversity, yet the timing of this …

Since the recognition that allopatric speciation can be induced by large-scale
reconfigurations of the landscape that isolate formerly continuous populations, such as the …

Abstract Aim The tomato family Solanaceae is distributed on all major continents except
Antarctica and has its centre of diversity in South America. Its worldwide distribution …

The tempo of species diversification in large clades can reveal fundamental evolutionary
mechanisms that operate on large temporal and spatial scales [1–4]. Hummingbirds have …

We present an integrative model predicting associations among epiphytism, the tank habit,
entangling seeds, C 3 vs. CAM photosynthesis, avian pollinators, life in fertile, moist …

Snakes of the cosmopolitan family Viperidae comprise around 329 venomous species
showing a striking heterogeneity in species richness among lineages. While the subfamily …