Neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) regulate the rewarding actions of
nicotine contained in tobacco that establish and maintain the smoking habit. nAChRs also …

Anatomical and functional refinements of the meso-limbic dopamine system of the rat are
discussed. Present experiments suggest that dopaminergic neurons localized in the …

Conditioned place preference (CPP) continues to be one of the most popular models to
study the motivational effects of drugs and non‐drug treatments in experimental animals …

Addictive drugs share with palatable food the property of increasing extracellular dopamine
(DA), preferentially in the nucleus accumbens shell rather than in the core. However, by …

Drug dependence is a chronic, relapsing disorder in which compulsive drug-seeking and
drug-taking behaviours persist despite serious negative consequences. Addictive …

Tobacco smoking is an extremely addictive and harmful form of nicotine (NIC) consumption,
but unfortunately also the most prevalent. Although disproportionately high frequencies of …

This study compared the rewarding and aversive effects of nicotine in adolescent, adult, and
adult rats pre-exposed to nicotine during adolescence. Prior to conditioning, the rats were …

Nicotine addiction drives tobacco use by one billion people worldwide, causing nearly six
million deaths a year. Nicotine binds to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors that are normally …

Significant evidence suggests that ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) may index the emotional
state in rats, and 50-kHz USVs have been proposed as a tool to investigate the rewarding …

Dopamine (DA) neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) are predicted to play important
roles in reward. In pharmacological studies, the rewarding effects of methamphetamine are …