Hepatic, pancreatic, and biliary (HPB) organoids are powerful tools for studying
development, disease, and regeneration. As organoid research expands, the need for clear …

Abstract Multiple three-dimensional (3D) tumour organoid models assisted by multi-omics
and Artificial Intelligence (AI) have contributed greatly to preclinical drug development and …

Pancreatic cancer is a rapidly progressing disease with a poor prognosis. We still have
many questions about the pathogenesis, early diagnosis and precise treatment of this …

Since conventional human cardiac two-dimensional (2D) cell culture and multilayered three-
dimensional (3D) models fail in recapitulating cellular complexity and possess inferior …

Conventional tumor models have critical shortcomings in that they lack the complexity of the
human stroma. The heterogeneous stroma is a central compartment of the tumor …

Simple Summary Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is characterized by a broad molecular
and genetic heterogeneity, which makes it a challenging subject in terms of the underlying …

Patient‐derived organoids are being considered as models that can help guide
personalized therapy through in vitro anticancer drug response evaluation. However …

High throughput drug screening is an established approach to investigate tumor biology and
identify therapeutic leads. Traditional platforms use two-dimensional cultures which do not …

Complex 3D bioengineered tumour models provide the opportunity to better capture the
heterogeneity of patient tumours. Patient-derived organoids are emerging as a useful tool to …

Simple Summary Cancer heterogeneity, which occurs in most cancer patients, has been
known and studied by experienced pathologists since the early 19th century. Intratumoral …