In 2018, the International Council for Standardization in Haematology (ICSH) published a
consensus document providing guidance for laboratories on measuring direct oral …

Estrogens, mainly 17β-estradiol (E2), play a critical role in reproductive organogenesis,
ovulation, and fertility via estrogen receptors. E2 is also a well-known regulator of utero …

Objective To compare the impact on thrombin generation of the new combined oral
contraceptive containing 15 mg estetrol and 3 mg drospirenone with ethinylestradiol (30 or …

Estetrol (E4) is the most recently described natural estrogen. It is produced by the human
fetal liver during pregnancy and its physiological function remains unclear. E4 is the …

Purpose Despite considerable advances in recently developed combined oral
contraceptives (COCs), resulting in lower rates of adverse events while maintaining …

Oral contraceptive pills (OCPs) have been used as effective and popular forms of
contraception since the middle of the last century. By 2019, over 150 million reproductive …

Objective This study aimed to determine the effects of estetrol (E4) on hemostasis, lipids,
carbohydrate metabolism and bone turnover in postmenopausal women. Methods This …

Estetrol (E 4) has emerged as a novel and highly promising estrogen for therapeutic use. E 4
is a weak natural estrogen produced only in pregnancy. Because of its novelty, there is …

Introduction The evolution of contraception has been crucial for public health and
reproductive well-being. Over the past 60 years, combined oral contraceptives (COCs) have …

Bleeding irregularities are one of the major reasons for discontinuation of oral
contraceptives (OCs), and therefore clinicians need to set expectations during consultations …