The hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal axis is a complex system of neuroendocrine pathways
and feedback loops that function to maintain physiological homeostasis. Abnormal …

Sex hormones act throughout the entire brain of both males and females via both genomic
and nongenomic receptors. Sex hormones can act through many cellular and molecular …

BACKGROUND Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are found widespread
in drinking water, foods, food packaging materials and other consumer products. Several …

Abstract In June 2015, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) released a Guide notice (NOT-
OD-15-102) that highlighted the expectation of the NIH that the possible role of sex as a …

Observations of the disproportionate incidence of depression in women compared with men
have long preceded the recent explosion of interest in sex differences. Nonetheless, the …

Experiential factors shape the neural circuits underlying social and emotional behavior from
the prenatal period to the end of life. These factors include both incidental influences, such …

Estrogen facilitates higher cognitive functions by exerting effects on brain regions such as
the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. Estrogen induces spinogenesis and synaptogenesis …

A historical perspective on estradiol's enhancement of cognitive function is presented, and
research, primarily in animals, but also in humans, is reviewed. Data regarding the …

Changes to long-term secretion of the glucocorticoid cortisol are considered to play a crucial
role in mediating the link between chronic stress and the development of numerous immune …

Parkinson's disease (PD) displays a greater prevalence and earlier age at onset in men.
This review addresses the concept that sex differences in PD are determined, largely, by …