Tick-borne diseases represent major public and animal health issues worldwide. Ixodes
ricinus, primarily associated with deciduous and mixed forests, is the principal vector of …

This opinion piece highlights the role of migratory birds in the spread of ticks and their role in
the circulation and dissemination of pathogens in Europe. Birds with different lifestyles, ie …

The hard tick family Ixodidae currently comprises 729 species worldwide, but information on
the species that feed on humans is scattered and often difficult to access. We have …

West Nile virus is a widely spread arthropod-born virus, which has mosquitoes as vectors
and birds as reservoirs. Humans, as dead-end hosts of the virus, may suffer West Nile Fever …

Background Birds can act as reservoirs of tick-borne pathogens and can also disperse
pathogen-containing ticks to both nearby and remote localities. The aims of this study were …

Identifying Borrelia burgdorferi as the causative agent of Lyme disease in 1981 was a
watershed moment in understanding the major impact that tick-borne zoonoses can have on …

Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is a viral zoonotic disease endemic in many regions of
Eurasia. The definition of TBE risk areas is complicated by the focal nature of the TBE virus …

Background Ixodes ricinus is an important vector of several pathogens, primarily in Europe.
Recently, Ixodes inopinatus was described from Spain, Portugal, and North Africa and then …

Hard ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) are considered the most important transmitters of pathogens in
the temperate zone that covers most of Europe. In the era of climate change tick-borne …

The importance of ticks and tick-borne pathogens for human and animal health has been
increasing over the past decades. For their transportation and dissemination, birds may play …