Interleukins and associated cytokines serve as the means of communication for innate and
adaptive immune cells as well as non-immune cells and tissues. Thus, interleukins have a …

Cancer has been a leading cause of death for decades. This dismal statistic has increased
efforts to prevent the disease or to detect it early, when treatment is less invasive, relatively …

Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) has heralded a new era in cancer therapy. Research
into the mechanisms underlying response to ICB has predominantly focused on T cells; …

TH 2 cells and innate lymphoid cells 2 (ILC2) can stimulate tumor growth by secreting pro-
tumorigenic cytokines such as interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-5, and IL-13. However, the …

Long-term senescent cells exhibit a secretome termed the senescence-associated secretory
phenotype (SASP). Although the mechanisms of SASP factor induction have been …

Abstract Interleukin-33 (IL-33), an epithelial cell-derived cytokine that responds rapidly to
environmental insult, has a critical role in initiating airway inflammatory diseases. However …

The Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (KEAP1)/nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2
(NRF2) pathway plays a physiologic protective role against xenobiotics and reactive oxygen …

The transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) pathway, which is well studied for its ability to
inhibit cell proliferation in early stages of tumorigenesis while promoting epithelial …

Distinct regions harboring cancer stem cells (CSCs) have been identified within the
microenvironment of various tumors, and as in the case of their healthy counterparts, these …

Tumour-Associated Macrophages (TAMs) are one of the pivotal components of the tumour
microenvironment. Their roles in the cancer immunity are complicated, both pro-tumour and …