The vertebrate hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal (HPA; or interrenal) axis plays pivotal roles
in animal development and in physiological and behavioral adaptation to environmental …

Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) is a key regulator of the stress response. This
peptide controls the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis as well as a variety of …

The corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) system in fish functions to maintain homeostasis
during stress in part by regulating cortisol production via the hypothalamus–pituitary …

The present study aimed to compare effects of increasing chronic stress load on the stress
response of European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and gilthead seabream (Sparus …

Position in a dominance hierarchy profoundly impacts group members' survival, health, and
reproductive success. Thus, understanding the mechanisms that regulate or are associated …

Galhardo L, Oliveira RF. Psychological Stress and Welfare in Fish. Annu Rev Biomed Sci
2009; 11: 1-20. The ability to respond to stress is vital to the survival of any living organism …

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the regulatory pathways, the targets, the
functions, and the interactions among the corticotropic, melanotropic, and thyrotropic axes …

In social species that form hierarchies where only dominant males reproduce, lower-ranking
individuals may challenge higher-ranking ones, often resulting in changes in relative social …

Social interactions and relative positions within a dominance hierarchy have helped shape
the evolution of reproduction in many animals. Since reproduction is crucial in all animals …

Social interactions are a main source of stress in vertebrates. Social stressors, as well as
other stressors, activate the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis resulting in …