Increasing evidence supports the involvement of immune and inflammatory processes in the
etiopathogenesis of seizures. In particular, activation of innate immune mechanisms and the …

Neuroprotection and brain repair in patients after acute brain damage are still major
unfulfilled medical needs. Pharmacological treatments are either ineffective or confounded …

Microglial activation is an early response to brain ischemia and many other stressors.
Microglia continuously monitor and respond to changes in brain homeostasis and to specific …

Background and Purpose—After stroke, the population of infiltrated neutrophils in the brain
is heterogeneous, including a population of alternative neutrophils (N2) that express M2 …

Stroke is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. A strong inflammatory response
characterized by activation and release of cytokines, chemokines, adhesion molecules, and …

Stroke is a frequent cause of long-term disability and death worldwide. Ischemic stroke is
more commonly encountered compared to hemorrhagic stroke, and leads to tissue death by …

Toll‐like receptors (TLRs) or pattern recognition receptors respond to pathogen‐associated
molecular patterns (PAMPs) or internal damage‐associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) …

Infection rate among intravenous drug users (IDU) is higher than the general public, and is
the major cause of morbidity and hospitalization in the IDU population. Epidemiologic …

J. Neurochem.(2010) 114, 13–27. Abstract The responses of the brain to infection, ischemia
and trauma share remarkable similarities. These and other conditions of the CNS coordinate …

Post-ischemic inflammation is an essential step in the progression of brain ischemia-
reperfusion injury. However, the mechanism that activates infiltrating macrophages in the …