Abstract The Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a family of microbe-sensing receptors that play a
central role in the regulation of the host immune system. TLR4 has been described in the …

Through undefined mechanisms, dominant mutations in (Cu/Zn) superoxide dismutase‐1
(mSOD1) cause the non‐cell‐autonomous death of motoneurons in inherited amyotrophic …

Toll‐like receptors (TLRs) or pattern recognition receptors respond to pathogen‐associated
molecular patterns (PAMPs) or internal damage‐associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) …

Inflammatory mechanisms both in the periphery and in the CNS are important in the
pathophysiologic processes occurring after the onset of ischemic stroke (IS). Cytokines are …

Preconditioning is a phenomenon in which brief episodes of a sublethal insult induce robust
protection against subsequent lethal injuries. Preconditioning has been observed in multiple …

Several neuropsychiatric diseases are related with stress (posttraumatic stress disorder,
major depressive disorder, anxiety disorders, schizophrenia) and stress exposure modifies …

Previous studies showed that mice with genetic predisposition for high alcohol consumption
as well as human alcoholics show changes in brain expression of genes related to immune …

Chronic inflammation is characterized by longstanding microglial activation followed by
sustained release of inflammatory mediators, which aid in enhanced nitrosative and …

During the past 10 years, much attention has been focused towards elucidating the impact of
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in central nervous system (CNS) innate immunity. TLR signaling …

Microglial cells maintain the immunological integrity of the healthy brain and can exert
protection from traumatic injury. During ischemic tissue damage such as stroke, peripheral …