Parental care influences development across mammals. In humans such influences include
effects on phenotypes, such as stress reactivity, which determine individual differences in …

Expressed emotion (EE) is a measure of the family environment that predicts worse clinical
outcomes for patients with a range of disorders. This article describes the assessment of EE …

Although genetics has an essential role in defining the development, morphology, and
physiology of an organism, epigenetic mechanisms have an essential role in modulating …

There are numerous examples in psychology and other disciplines of the enduring effects of
early experience on neural function. In this article, we review the emerging evidence for …

Transgenerational epigenetic effects include all processes that have evolved to achieve the
nongenetic determination of phenotype. There has been a long-standing interest in this area …

Over the past decade, it has become increasingly obvious that epigenetic mechanisms are
an integral part of a multitude of brain functions that range from the development of the …

The idea that inherited genotypes define phenotypes has been paramount in modern
biology. The question remains, however, whether stable phenotypes could be also inherited …

Early life experience is associated with long-term effects on behavior and epigenetic
programming of the NR3C1 (GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR) gene in the hippocampus of …

Hypoxia is one of the most common and severe challenges to the maintenance of
homeostasis. Oxygen sensing is a property of all tissues, and the response to hypoxia is …

Environmental enrichment (EE) is known to profoundly affect the central nervous system
(CNS) at the functional, anatomical and molecular level, both during the critical period and …