The onset of clinical assisted reproduction, a quarter of a century ago, required the isolation
of motile spermatozoa. As the indication of assisted reproduction shifted from mere …

This paper discusses the variety of effective sperm selection techniques that have been
developed for use in assisted reproductive technologies. Available methods for isolating the …

OBJECTIVE: To verify whether microinjection into retrieved oocytes of motile spermatozoa
with morphologically normal nuclei, strictly defined by high power light microscopy (×> …

One concern during intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) is that selected spermatozoa
may have increased levels of DNA damage; however, the available testing for this is largely …

A high DNA fragmentation index (DFI) when performing the sperm chromatin structural
(SCSAr) assay was claimed to be so specific for male subfertility that even IVF with ICSI did …

Retrieving spermatozoa from the testicles has been a great hope for patients with non-
obstructive azoospermia (NOA), but relevant methods have not yet been developed to the …

For over 30 years, defects of the functional integrity of the sperm membrane, as evidenced
by a low hypo-osmotic swelling test when evaluating the semen analysis, are not only …

Purpose: To present various treatment options for male subfertility. Methods: Surgical
therapy for varicocele, hormonal therapy, mechanical therapy, eg, intrauterine insemination …

With 40% of idiopathic cases, recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) is a problem of great concern
for patients and clinicians. In addition to financial burden, it causes a lot of frustration and …

Spermatozoa contribute to approximately half of the genome of future progeny, and
therefore, have a profound impact on embryo development post‐fertilization. Sperm …