Diabetic retinopathy (DR), with increasing incidence, is the major cause of vision loss and
blindness worldwide in working-age adults. Diabetic macular edema (DME) remains the …

The possible interconnection between the eye and central nervous system (CNS) has been
a topic of discussion for several years just based on fact that the eye is properly considered …

Various studies, especially in recent years, have shown that quercetin has beneficial
therapeutic effects in various human diseases, including diabetes. Quercetin has significant …

The elderly population in the United States is projected to almost double by the year 2050. In
addition, the numbers of diabetics are rising, along with its most common complication …

Epithelial and endothelial cell-cell contacts are established and maintained by several
intercellular junctional complexes. These structurally and biochemically differentiated …

Owing to the variety and complexity of ocular diseases and the natural ocular barriers, drug
therapy for ocular diseases has significant limitations, such as poor drug targeting to the site …

Empagliflozin (EMPA) is the first sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitor to significantly
reduce cardiovascular and kidney complications in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Given this, we …

The aim of this study is to evaluate molecules involved in oxidative stress (OS),
inflammation, angiogenesis, and apoptosis, and discern which of these are more likely to be …

The choroid is a key player in maintaining ocular homeostasis and plays a role in a variety of
chorioretinal diseases, many of which are poorly understood. Recent advances in the field of …

Aims Whether changes in endothelial tight junctions (TJs) lead to the formation of thoracic
aortic aneurysm and dissection (TAAD) and serve as an early indicator and therapeutic …