Rhodopsins are photoreceptive membrane proteins consisting of a common heptahelical
transmembrane architecture that contains a retinal chromophore. Rhodopsin was first …

Unique membrane structures endow membranes with controlled ion transport properties in
both biological and artificial systems, and they have shown broad application prospects from …

Chloride transport by microbial rhodopsins is an essential process for which molecular
details such as the mechanisms that convert light energy to drive ion pumping and ensure …

Light-driven sodium pumps actively transport small cations across cellular membranes.
These pumps are used by microorganisms to convert light into membrane potential and …

The outstanding capacity of aquaporins (AQPs) for mediating highly selective superfast
water transport,,,,,–has inspired recent development of supramolecular monovalent ion …

Chloride ion–pumping rhodopsin (ClR) in some marine bacteria utilizes light energy to
actively transport Cl− into cells. How the ClR initiates the transport is elusive. Here, we show …

The Pohang Accelerator Laboratory (PAL) is a national facility dedicated to scientific
research with synchrotron radiation. PAL upgraded the 3rd generation synchrotron …

Ion pumps perform active transport of ions by using energy. The active transport mechanism
can be illustrated by the Panama Canal model, which considers two gates and a gain in …

Early research on the four microbial rhodopsins discovered in the archaeal Halobacterium
salinarum revealed a structural template that served as a scaffold for two different functions …

Conspectus The interactions of hydrated ions with molecular and macromolecular solution
and interface partners are strong on a chemical energy scale. Here, we recount the foremost …