Chloroplasts are best known for their role in photosynthesis, but they also allow nitrogen and
sulphur assimilation, amino acid, fatty acid, nucleotide and hormone synthesis. How …

Regulation of enzyme activity based on thiol-disulfide exchange is a regulatory mechanism
in which the protein disulfide reductase activity of thioredoxins (TRXs) plays a central role …

The TOC and TIC complexes are essential translocons that facilitate the import of the
nuclear genome-encoded preproteins across the two envelope membranes of chloroplast …

Plastids communicate their developmental and physiological status to the nucleus via
retrograde signaling, allowing nuclear gene expression to be adjusted appropriately …

Communication between cellular compartments is vital for development and environmental
adaptation. Signals emanating from organelles, so-called retrograde signals, coordinate …

Retrograde signalling refers to the regulation of nuclear gene expression in response to
functional changes in organelles. In plants, the two energy-converting organelles …

The chloroplast is a complex cellular organelle that not only performs photosynthesis but
also synthesizes amino acids, lipids, and phytohormones. Nuclear and chloroplast genetic …

We developed a resource, the Arabidopsis PeptideAtlas (www. peptideatlas.
org/builds/arabidopsis/), to solve central questions about the Arabidopsis thaliana proteome …

Most chloroplast proteins are nucleus‐encoded, translated on cytoplasmic ribosomes as
precursor proteins, and imported into chloroplasts through TOC and TIC, the translocons of …

Chloroplasts produce singlet oxygen (1O2), which causes changes in nuclear gene
expression through plastid-to-nucleus retrograde signaling to increase plant fitness …