Background Chronic pain is often accompanied by short-term memory deficit and
depression. Currently, it is believed that short-term memory deficit and depression are …

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a debilitating neuropsychological disorder, which has
caused serious health and socio-economic burdens worldwide. A growing body of evidence …

The midbrain dopamine center comprises a key network for reward, salience, motivation,
and mood. Evidence from various clinical and preclinical settings points to the midbrain …

Under physiological conditions 95% of the ingested essential amino acid tryptophan is
metabolized by the kynurenine pathway (KP) to yield the ubiquitous co-enzyme …

Abstract Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a major cytokine that promotes anti-and pro-inflammatory
outcomes by activating the membrane IL-6 receptor (IL-6R) or the soluble IL-6 receptor (sIL …

The kynurenine pathway (KP) is the major catabolic pathway for the essential amino acid
tryptophan leading to he production of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. In inflammatory …

Immunotherapy for cancer treatment is achieved through the activation of competent
immune effector cells and the inhibition of immunosuppressive cells, such as myeloid …

Pain and depression are two highly prevalent and deleterious disorders with significant
socioeconomic impact to society. Clinical observations have long recognized the co …

Tryptophan (TRP) is an essential, aromatic amino acid catabolized by indoleamine 2, 3-
dioxygenase (IDO) and tryptophan 2, 3-dioxygenase (TDO) enzymes into kynurenine. The …

In this study, we aimed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects of
melatonin (MLT) on neuropathic pain (NP)-induced anxiety and depression in a rat model …