Mixtures of metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) occur ubiquitously in
aquatic environments, yet relatively little is known regarding their combined toxicities …

Methods for the assessment of ecological risks associated with exposure to defined mixtures
of toxicants are reviewed and formalized for single‐species toxicity. Depending on the …

With the release of the landmark report Toxicity Testing in the 21st Century: A Vision and a
Strategy, the US National Academy of Sciences, in 2007, precipitated a major change in the …

The advent of new genomic techniques has raised expectations that central questions of
mixture toxicology such as for mechanisms of low dose interactions can now be answered …

There is increasing interest in the use of tiered approaches in risk assessment of mixtures or
co-exposures to chemicals for prioritization. One possible screening-level risk assessment …

Endocrine disruption from environmental contaminants has been linked to a broad spectrum
of adverse outcomes. One concern about endocrine-disrupting xenobiotics is the potential …

The assessment of chemical mixtures is a complex topic for toxicologists, regulators, and the
public. In this article the linkage between the science of toxicology and the needs of …

The prevalence of pyrethroids in insecticide formulations has increased in the last decade. A
common mode-of-action has been proposed for pyrethroids based on in vitro studies, which …

The presence of unwanted substances in the environment becomes “pollution” when
damage or deleterious effects caused by those substances are detected. Pollution is …

Xenoestrogens (XEs) are chemicals derived from a variety of natural and anthropogenic
sources that can interfere with endogenous estrogens by either mimicking or blocking their …