Nitric oxide (NO) is involved in many physiological processes and several lines of evidence
have indicated that NO plays a complex and diverse role in the modulation of pain. Nitric …

This paper is the 28th consecutive installment of the annual review of research concerning
the endogenous opioid system, now spanning over a quarter-century of research. It …

Pain is a classical sign of inflammation, and sensitization of primary sensory neurons (PSN)
is the most important mediating mechanism. This mechanism involves direct action of …

The catabolism of heme, generating biliverdin, carbon monoxide, and free iron, is mediated
by heme oxygenase (HO). One form of this of this enzyme, heme oxygenase-1, is inducible …

Nitric oxide (NO) plays pivotal roles in controlling physiological functions, participates in
pathophysiological intervention, and is involved in mechanisms underlying beneficial or …

Sildenafil is a phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE5) inhibitor and is predominantly used in the
treatment of erectile dysfunction. While maintaining an excellent safety and tolerability profile …

Phosphodiesterases (PDEs) are enzymes that break down the phosphodiesteric bond of the
cyclic nucleotides, cAMP and cGMP, second messengers that regulate many biological …

Chronic pain affects approximately one-fifth of people worldwide and reduces quality of life
and in some cases, working ability. Ion channels expressed along nociceptive pathways …

Management of acute and chronic pain has always been a key area of clinical research.
Enkephalinase inhibitors (EIs) seem to be promising as therapeutic agents having …

Previous report indicated that nicorandil potentiated morphine antinociception and
attenuated hepatic injury in liver fibrotic rats. Herein, the underlying mechanisms of …