MicroRNAs (miRNAs) represent a class of small, non-coding RNAs with the main roles of
regulating mRNA through its degradation and adjusting protein levels. In recent years …

As the most commonly occurring cancer in women worldwide, breast cancer poses a
formidable public health challenge on a global scale. Breast cancer consists of a group of …

Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease and differs greatly among different patients
(intertumor heterogeneity) and even within each individual tumor (intratumor heterogeneity) …

Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women worldwide. Due to its complexity in
nature, effective breast cancer treatment can encounter many challenges. Traditional …

Effective management of breast cancer depends on early diagnosis and proper monitoring
of patients' response to therapy. However, these goals are difficult to achieve because of the …

Today, clinical evaluation of tumor heterogeneity is an emergent issue to improve clinical
oncology. In particular, intra-tumor heterogeneity (ITH) is closely related to cancer …

Introduction Breast cancer is the most common cancer and the second leading cause of
cancer-related death in women worldwide. Despite the early detection of breast cancer and …

Background Intratumor heterogeneity implies that subpopulations of cancer cells that differ
in genetic, phenotypic, or behavioral characteristics coexist in a single tumor (Ma in Breast …

Adult gliomas are aggressive brain tumours associated with low patient survival rates and
limited life expectancy. The most important hallmark of this type of tumour is its invasive …

Tumor heterogeneity is a hallmark of cancer and one of the primary causes of resistance to
therapies. Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), which accounts for 15–20% of all breast …