Blood–brain barrier (BBB) is a natural protective membrane that prevents central nervous
system (CNS) from toxins and pathogens in blood. However, the presence of BBB …

The brain harbors a unique ability to, figuratively speaking, shift its gears. During
wakefulness, the brain is geared fully toward processing information and behaving, while …

The glymphatic system, that is aquaporin 4 (AQP4) facilitated exchange of CSF with
interstitial fluid (ISF), may provide a clearance pathway for protein species such as amyloid …

In the past decade, evidence for a fluid clearance pathway in the central nervous system
known as the glymphatic system has grown. According to the glymphatic system concept …

Aquaporin channels facilitate bidirectional water flow in all cells and tissues. AQP4 is highly
expressed in astrocytes. In the CNS, it is enriched in astrocyte endfeet, at synapses, and at …

Background Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) is an autoimmune disease of
the central nervous system and is associated with autoantibodies to anti–aquaporin-4 …

Background Satralizumab, a humanised monoclonal antibody targeting the interleukin-6
receptor, reduced the risk of relapse in patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder …

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a dynamic structure that functions as a gatekeeper,
reflecting the unique requirements of the brain. In this review, following a brief historical …

Oligodendrocytes generate multiple layers of myelin membrane around axons of the central
nervous system to enable fast and efficient nerve conduction. Until recently, saltatory nerve …

Delayed cerebral ischemia is a major predictor of poor outcomes in patients who suffer
subarachnoid hemorrhage. Treatment options are limited and often ineffective despite many …