Cigarette smoking is the single most important risk factor for the development of
cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). However, the role of nicotine, the addictive component of …

Smoking is one of the most important preventable factors causing peripheral artery disease
(PAD). The purpose of this review is to comprehensively analyze and summarize the …

Aims The senescence of alveolar epithelial type 2 (AT2) cells is implicated in the
pathogenesis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Cigarette smoke (CS) is a strong risk …

Environmental pollution is changing with economic development. Most environmental
pollutants are characterized by stable chemical properties, strong migration, potential …

E-cigarettes have surged in popularity over the last few years, particularly among youth and
young adults. These battery-powered devices aerosolize e-liquids, comprised of propylene …

Nicotine, the primary psychoactive agent in tobacco leaves, has led to the widespread use of
tobacco, with over one billion smokers globally. This article provides a historical overview of …

Immune system is a versatile and dynamic body organ which offers survival and endurance
of human beings in their hostile living environment. However, similar to other cells, immune …

Smoking is an independent risk factor for atherosclerosis. The smoke produced by tobacco
burning contains more than 7000 chemicals, among which nicotine is closely related to the …

The airway smooth muscle (ASM) surrounding the airways is dysfunctional in both asthma
and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), exhibiting; increased contraction …

Introduction Nicotine is a major component of cigarette smoke with various detrimental
cardiovascular effects, including increased oxidative stress in the heart. Agonism of α2 …