The discovery and clinical implementation of modulators of adenosine, P2Y and P2X
receptors (comprising nineteen subtypes) have progressed dramatically in∼ 50 years since …

Norepinephrine is a catecholamine neurotransmitter that has been extensively implicated in
the neurobiology of major depressive disorder (MDD). An accumulating body of evidence …

Hepatic fibrosis exacerbates mortality and complications in progressive metabolic
dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH). The role of the adenosine 2A receptor …

Background Neutrophils consume a large amount of energy when performing their
functions. Compared with other white blood cells, neutrophils contain few mitochondria and …

Abstract β 2-adrenoceptors agonists and phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitors are effective
bronchodilators, due to their ability to increase intracellular cyclic AMP (cAMP) levels and …

Background and purpose Lung macrophages (LMs) are critically involved in respiratory
diseases. The primary objective of the present study was to determine whether or not an …

Caffeine is a naturally occurring methylxanthine compound found in various plants, such as
coffee beans, tea leaves, and cocoa beans. It is widely consumed worldwide in the form of …

Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is a prevalent complication of diabetes mellitus that primarily
affects the kidney microvasculature. According to the Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) …

The term “purinergic signaling” was coined in 1972 by Geoffrey Burnstock to indicate the
signaling system formed by nucleotides and nucleosides, the concentrations of which are …

Сердечно-сосудистые заболевания продолжают оставаться основной причиной
госпитальной летальности и приводят к большой инвалидности трудоспособного …