B cells and the antibodies they produce have a deeply penetrating influence on human
physiology. Here, we review current understanding of how B cell responses are initiated; the …

Gene therapy products for the treatment of genetic diseases are currently in clinical trials,
and one of these, an adeno-associated viral (AAV) product, has recently been licensed. AAV …

According to the traditional view, atherosclerosis results from a passive buildup of
cholesterol in the artery wall. Yet, burgeoning evidence implicates inflammation and immune …

Pathogen exposure elicits production of high‐affinity antibodies stimulated by T follicular
helper (Tfh) cells in the germinal center reaction. Tfh cells provide both costimulation and …

Rationale: Aggravated atherosclerosis in B lymphocyte-deficient chimeric mice and reduced
atherosclerosis after transfer of unfractionated spleen B lymphocytes into splenectomized …

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a systemic autoimmune disease that is known to be
associated with polyclonal B-cell hyperreactivity. The underlying causes of the diffuse B-cell …

Background Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is a disease of unknown aetiology. Major CFS
symptom relief during cancer chemotherapy in a patient with synchronous CFS and …

A generation ago, children with arthritis faced a lifetime of pain and disability. Today, there
are a multitude of treatment options, including a variety of biologics targeting key cytokines …

Myeloid-derived suppressive cells (MDSC) have been reported to promote metastasis, but
the loss of cancer-induced B cells/B regulatory cells (tBreg) can block metastasis despite …

Appropriate regulation of B cell differentiation into plasma cells is essential for humoral
immunity while preventing antibody-mediated autoimmunity; however, the underlying …