The revolutionary discovery of the rapid antidepressant ketamine has been a milestone in
psychiatry field in the last half century. Unlike conventional antidepressants that often take …

Animals form and update learned associations between otherwise neutral sensory cues and
aversive outcomes (ie, punishment) to predict and avoid danger in changing environments …

Dopamine (DA) signal play pivotal roles in regulating motivated behaviors, including feeding
behavior, but the role of midbrain DA neurons in modulating food intake and neural circuitry …

The mesolimbic dopamine system comprises distinct compartments supporting different
functions in learning and motivation. Less well understood is how complex addiction-related …

Throughout the animal kingdom sucrose is one of the most palatable and preferred tastants.
From an evolutionary perspective, this is not surprising as it is a primary source of energy …

Midbrain dopamine neurons are thought to play key roles in learning by conveying the
difference between expected and actual outcomes. Recent evidence suggests diversity in …

To obtain more of a particular uncertain reward, animals must learn to actively overcome the
lack of reward and adjust behavior to obtain it again. The neural mechanisms underlying …

The dorsal raphe (DR) is a heterogeneous nucleus containing dopamine (DA), serotonin
(5HT), γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate neurons. Consequently, investigations of …

Background A clinical hallmark of alcohol use disorder is persistent drinking despite
potential adverse consequences. The ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) and …

Overeating typically follows periods of energy deficit, but it is also sustained by highly
palatable foods, even without metabolic demand. Dopamine D1 receptor-expressing …