Anthropogenic disturbance has generated a significant loss of biodiversity worldwide and
grazing by domestic herbivores is a contributing disturbance. Although the effects of grazing …

Wild bee populations are declining due to human activities, such as land use change, which
strongly affect the composition and diversity of available plants and food sources. The …

Pollinator nutritional ecology provides insights into plant–pollinator interactions, coevolution,
and the restoration of declining pollinator populations. Bees obtain their protein and lipid …

Bumble bees (Bombus) are unusually important pollinators, with approximately 260 wild
species native to all biogeographic regions except sub-Saharan Africa, Australia, and New …

To fuel their activities and rear their offspring, foraging bees must obtain a sufficient quality
and quantity of nutritional resources from a diverse plant community. Pollen is the primary …

Bee populations are declining in the industrialized world, raising concerns for the
sustainable pollination of crops. Pesticides, pollutants, parasites, diseases, and malnutrition …

Bees—including solitary, social, wild, and managed species—are key pollinators of
flowering plant species, including nearly three-quarters of global food crops. Their …

Social bees collect carbohydrate-rich food to support their colonies, and yet, certain
carbohydrates present in their diet or produced through the breakdown of pollen are toxic to …

Bee bread is a natural product obtained from the fermentation of bee pollen mixed with bee
saliva and flower nectar inside the honeycomb cells of a hive. Bee bread is considered a …

As bees' main source of protein and lipids, pollen is critical for their development,
reproduction, and health. Plant species vary considerably in the macronutrient content of …