Background The global rise of metabolic disorders, such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, and
cardiovascular disease, demands a thorough molecular understanding of the cellular …

Recent advances have greatly improved our understanding of the molecular mechanisms
behind atherosclerosis pathogenesis. However, there is still a need to systematize this data …

Ubiquitylation is an essential post-translational modification that regulates intracellular
signalling networks by triggering proteasomal substrate degradation, changing the activity of …

Three principal ER quality-control mechanisms, namely, the unfolded protein response, ER-
associated degradation (ERAD), and ER-phagy are each important for the maintenance of …

Aging and age-related neurodegeneration are both associated with the accumulation of
unfolded and abnormally folded proteins, highlighting the importance of protein homeostasis …

Viruses elicit cell and organismic stress, and offset homeostasis. They trigger intrinsic, innate
and adaptive immune responses, which limit infection. Viruses restore homeostasis by …

The pathogenesis of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) in obese diabetic
patients has been implicated in metainflammation. Increased expression of inducible nitric …

Redox is a constant phenomenon in organisms. From the signaling pathway transduction to
the oxidative stress during the inflammation and disease process, all are related to reduction …

With the extension of life span in recent decades, there is an increasing burden of late-onset
neurodegenerative diseases, for which effective treatments are lacking. Neurodegenerative …

Lipid droplets (LDs) are ubiquitous organelles that play crucial roles in response to
physiological and environmental cues. The identification of several neutral lipid synthesizing …