A considerable body of evidence links diminished brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)
signaling to energy balance dysregulation and severe obesity in humans and rodents …

Understanding of the importance of dietary fatty acids has grown beyond a simple source of
energy to complex roles in regulating gene expression and cell and intracellular …

Individuals exposed to an increased nutrient supply before birth have a high risk of
becoming obese children and adults. It has been proposed that exposure of the fetus to high …

The arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus (ARH) is a critical component of the forebrain
pathways that regulate energy homeostasis, and it plays a particularly important role in …

The hypothalamus has been long considered important in feeding and other motivated
behaviors. The identification of neuropeptides expressed in the hypothalamus has initiated …

Hypothalamic neurons expressing the long form of the leptin receptor (LRb) mediate
important leptin actions. Although it has been suggested that leptin crosses the blood-brain …

Obesity and its associated health disorders and costs are increasing. Men and post-
menopausal women have greater risk of developing complications of obesity than younger …

The gastrointestinal tract and the pancreas release hormones regulating satiety and body
weight. Ghrelin stimulates appetite, and glucagon-like peptide-1, oxyntomodulin, peptide …

The nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) receives dense terminations from cranial visceral
afferents, including those from the gastrointestinal (GI) system. Although the NTS integrates …

Ghrelin, an acylated peptide produced predominantly by the stomach, has been discovered
to be a natural ligand of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor type 1a (GHS‐R1a) …