Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is emphysema and/or chronic bronchitis
characterised by long-term breathing problems and poor airflow. The prevalence of COPD …

Mast cells (MC s) are innate immune cells that are scattered in tissues throughout the
organism being particularly abundant at sites exposed to the environment such as the skin …

Salmeterol is a partial agonist for the β2 adrenergic receptor (β2AR) and the first long-acting
β2AR agonist to be widely used clinically for the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive …

Asthma is a heterogeneous inflammatory disease of the airways that is associated with
airway hyperresponsiveness and airflow limitation. Although asthma was once simply …

Neuroimmune communication plays a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis and promptly
responding to any foreign insults. Sympathetic nerve fibres are innervated into all the …

The role of the ATP binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) in maintaining cellular lipid
homeostasis in cardiovascular disease is well established. More recently, the important …

Ethnopharmacological relevance Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the third
leading cause of death globally and thus imposes heavy economic burden on patients, their …

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways characterized by shortness of
breath, chest tightness, coughing, and wheezing. For several decades (approximately 30 …

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) within the same subfamily often share high homology
in their orthosteric pocket and therefore pose challenges to drug development. The amino …

The airway smooth muscle (ASM) surrounding the airways is dysfunctional in both asthma
and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), exhibiting; increased contraction …