Objective To formulate timely evidence-based guidelines for the management of opioid-
induced bowel dysfunction. Setting Constipation is a major untoward effect of opioids …

Although opioids offer potent analgesia for severe acute and chronic noncancer pain,
adverse gastrointestinal effects potentially undermine their clinical utility. In particular …

Dexmedetomidine is a highly selective alpha-2 agonist that provides anxiolysis and
cooperative sedation without respiratory depression. It decreases central nervous system …

BACKGROUND: The possibility that μ opioid agonists can influence cancer recurrence is a
subject of recent interest. Epidemiologic studies suggested that there were differences in …

THERE has been increasing interest in the role of anes-thetic drugs and opioids in cancer
recurrence and metastasis. Epidemiologic studies in this area have suggested that patients …

During the past two decades, systemic μ-opioid receptor antagonists (MORA) have been
used in the treatment of various forms of chronic pruritus. In a number of case reports, case …

Morphine is considered the “gold standard” for relieving pain and is currently one of the most
effective drugs available clinically for the management of severe pain associated with …

This article addresses conventional pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic treatment of pain
in patients in ICUs. For the critically ill patient, opioids have been the mainstay of pain …

Background Methylnaltrexone (MNTX), a peripherally acting μ-opioid receptor (MOR)
antagonist, is FDA-approved for treatment of opioid-induced constipation (OIC). Preclinical …

Objective: This study was designed to examine the effect of morphine administration on the
intestinal mucus barrier and determine its direct effect on the virulence and lethality of …