Although the treatment of myocardial infarction (MI) has improved considerably, it is still a
worldwide disease with high morbidity and high mortality. Whilst there is still a long way to …

Hyperuricemia is a common metabolic syndrome. Elevated uric acid levels are risk factors
for gout, hypertension, and chronic kidney diseases. Furthermore, various epidemiological …

ERK1 and ERK2 are related protein-serine/threonine kinases that participate in the Ras-Raf-
MEK-ERK signal transduction cascade. This cascade participates in the regulation of a large …

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a public health epidemic that increases risk of death due to
cardiovascular disease. Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is an important mechanism of …

Atherosclerosis, a chronic cardiovascular disease caused by plaque development in
arteries, remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Atherosclerotic plaques are …

Cardiac hypertrophy can be defined as an increase in heart mass. Pathological cardiac
hypertrophy (heart growth that occurs in settings of disease, eg hypertension) is a key risk …

It has been 60 yr since the discovery of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in biology and the
beginning of the scientific community's attempt to understand the impact of the unpaired …

Extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) are members of the mitogen-
activated protein kinase super family that can mediate cell proliferation and apoptosis. The …

The binding of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike
glycoprotein to its cellular receptor, the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), causes its …

The p38 MAPK protein kinases affect a variety of intracellular responses, with well-
recognized roles in inflammation, cell-cycle regulation, cell death, development …