This study reviews the instruments used for the clinical assessment of spasticity in children
with cerebral palsy, and evaluates their compliance with the concept of spasticity, defined as …

Intramuscular botulinum toxin A injections are beneficial for the treatment of functional
shortening of the iliopsoas muscle, but it is difficult to achieve precise needle positioning and …

Background Spastic cerebral palsy (CP) is the most common type of CP. Hip adductor
spasticity leads to discomfort, stiffness, and difficulties in doing physical activities such as …

Background The purpose of this study was to determine what effect, if any, an intervention
such as Single-event multilevel orthopaedic surgery (SEMLS) might have on the relative …

Background: Reduction of spasticity in hip adductor muscles is one of the essential factors to
improve standing, gait, and personal hygiene of children with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy …

Although the introduction of botulinum toxin A (BTX-A) for medical and cosmetic therapy in
the United States has been well documented [1, 2], such reviews have dealt with the BOTOX …

Background: Electrical stimulation (ES) of proximal muscles during gait training has not
previously been reported as a management option for improving muscle tone and gait in …

PURPOSE: Intramuscular injection of botulinum toxin A (BTX-A) is a common treatment for
iliopsoas muscle spasticity, but it is not easy to position the needle in this muscle without …

It has been reported that cerebral palsy patients with adductor spasm and lateralisation/
subluxation of the hip can be treated with Botulinum toxin A, but statistical evaluation is …

Two cases of idiopathic chondrolysis were treated by botulinum neurotoxin-A injections, with
a favorable outcome. The treatment consisted of botulinum neurotoxin-A injections, followed …