Background Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has unclear pathogenesis, but the molecules that
feed its inflammatory state are known. Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) are useful to identify …

Background Osteoporosis results in reduced bone mass and consequent bone fragility.
Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) can be used for therapeutic purposes, as molecular targets …

The transcription factors nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and activating protein-1 (AP-1) are critical
regulators of stress responses, immunity, inflammation and cancer. A large variety of cellular …

Biotherapies have revolutionized the treatment of RA. However, much work is needed to
understand all the mechanisms of these biotherapies, and alternatives are needed to …

Abstract Ethnopharmacological relevance Forsythia suspensa (Thunb.) Vahl and Fritillaria
thunbergii Miq are traditional Chinese medicines that exhibit the ability to clear heat and …

RNAi therapeutics are believed to be the future of personalized medicine and have shown
promise in early clinical trials. However, many physiological barriers exist in the systemic …

T cell activation is dependent upon phosphorylation of MAPKs, which play a critical role in
the regulation of immune responses. Dual-specificity phosphatase 14 (DUSP14; also known …

Abstract TGF-β-activated kinase 1 (TAK1 or MAP3K7) is an intracellular hub molecule that
regulates both nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) …

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic immune-mediated disorder, mainly characterized by
synovial inflammation and joint damage. If insufficiently treated, RA can lead to irreversible …

Cardiac hypertrophy occurs as an adaptation to hypertension but a sustained hypertrophic
response can ultimately lead to heart failure. Angiotensin-II (Ang II) is released following …