Biomaterials with the ability to self-heal and recover their structural integrity offer many
advantages for applications in biomedicine. The past decade has witnessed the rapid …

Hydrogels are crosslinked polymer chains with three-dimensional (3D) network structures,
which can absorb relatively large amounts of fluid. Because of the high water content, soft …

Two-dimensional and three-dimensional cell culture systems are widely used for biological
studies, and are the basis of the organoid, tissue engineering and organ-on-chip research …

Substantial research over the past two decades has established that extracellular matrix
(ECM) elasticity, or stiffness, affects fundamental cellular processes, including spreading …

Sodium alginate (SA) is an inexpensive and biocompatible biomaterial with fast and gentle
crosslinking that has been widely used in biological soft tissue repair/regeneration …

Wounds have become one of the causes of death worldwide. The metabolic disorder of the
wound microenvironment can lead to a series of serious symptoms, especially chronic …

Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) chondrogenesis in three-dimensional (3D) culture involves
dynamic changes in cytoskeleton architecture during mesenchymal condensation before …

Bioinks are formulations of biomaterials and living cells, sometimes with growth factors or
other biomolecules, while extrusion bioprinting is an emerging technique to apply or deposit …

Organoids are 3D cell culture systems that mimic some of the structural and functional
characteristics of an organ. Organoid cultures provide the opportunity to study organ-level …

The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a highly dynamic system that constantly offers physical,
biological, and chemical signals to embraced cells. Increasing evidence suggests that …