High‐throughput experimental techniques for generating genomes, transcriptomes,
proteomes, metabolomes, and interactomes have provided unprecedented opportunities to …

Genome-scale metabolic models (GEMs) are powerful tools for understanding metabolism
from a systems-level perspective. However, GEMs in their most basic form fail to account for …

Macrophages play an essential role in rheumatoid arthritis. Depending on their phenotype
(M1 or M2), they can play a role in the initiation or resolution of inflammation. The M1/M2 …

Epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT), the process by which epithelial cells can convert
into motile mesenchymal cells, plays an important role in development and wound healing …

Photosynthetic eukaryotes house two photosystems with distinct light absorption spectra.
Natural fluctuations in light quality and quantity can lead to unbalanced or excess excitation …

Highlights•A variety of computational methods and tools are used in QSP and QST. They
show different degrees of maturity.•PBPK models are well established and applied in a wide …

Signaling pathways function as the information-passing mechanisms of cells. A number of
databases with extensive manual curation represent the current knowledge base for …

The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a central regulatory pathway that integrates
a variety of environmental cues to control cellular growth and homeostasis by intricate …

Gene regulatory network inference is a systems biology approach which predicts
interactions between genes with the help of high-throughput data. In this review, we present …

CD4+ T cells provide cell-mediated immunity in response to various antigens. During an
immune response, naïve CD4+ T cells differentiate into specialized effector T helper (Th1 …