Objectives: To provide guidance for the management of mood disorders, based on scientific
evidence supplemented by expert clinical consensus and formulate recommendations to …

Lithium has been used for over half a century for the treatment of bipolar disorder as the
archetypal mood stabilizer, and has a wealth of empirical evidence supporting its efficacy in …

Differentiating bipolar disorder (BD) from recurrent unipolar depression (UD) is a major
clinical challenge. Main reasons for this include the higher prevalence of depressive relative …

Background Long-acting injectable (LAI) formulations are not widely used in routine practice
even though they offer advantages in terms of relapse prevention. As part of a process to …

Objective: Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is regarded by many clinicians as the most
effective treatment for treatment-resistant bipolar depression, but no randomized controlled …

Introduction: Despite more that 60 years of clinical experience, the effective use of lithium for
the treatment of mood disorder, in particular bipolarity, is in danger of becoming obsolete. In …

Still after more than 50 years, lithium is a major treatment of bipolar disorder, even though it
has not been promoted by the pharmaceutical industry over the last decades. In recent years …

Bipolar disorders, including bipolar I disorder (BP-I) and bipolar II disorder (BP-II), are
common, potentially disabling, and, in some cases, life-threatening conditions. Bipolar …

Dias VV, Balanzá‐Martinez V, Soeiro‐de‐Souza MG, Moreno RA, Figueira ML, Machado‐
Vieira R, Vieta E. Pharmacological approaches in bipolar disorders and the impact on …

Objective: To discuss the criteria used to diagnose the mood episodes that constitute bipolar
disorder, the approach to the differential diagnosis of these presentations, and the evidence …