The human body is full of an extensive number of commensal microbes, consisting of
bacteria, viruses, and fungi, collectively termed the human microbiome. The initial …

Background Melatonin is an indole hormone secreted primarily by the pineal gland that
showing anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic capacity. It can play an important …

Objective This study was undertaken to investigate the gut microbiome in progressive
multiple sclerosis (MS) and how it relates to clinical disease. Methods We sequenced the …

Injury of oligodendrocytes (OLs) induces demyelination, and patients with
neurodegenerative diseases exhibit demyelination concomitantly with neurological deficit …

Analogous to other physiological systems, the immune system also demonstrates
remarkable sex differences. Although the reasons for sex differences in immune responses …

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, inflammatory, demyelinating, and degenerative disease
that affects the central nervous system. A recent study showed that interaction between the …

The gut microbiome has attracted increasing attention from researchers in recent years. The
microbiota can have a specific and complex cross-talk with the host, particularly with the …

Background Individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS) are often plagued by the unpredictability
of their disease and have to contend with uncertainty in their life and significant life changes …

Estrogen is a pivotal enzyme for survival and health in both genders, though their quantum,
tropism, tissue-specific distribution, and receptor affinity varies with different phases of life …

Abstract Purpose of Review Accumulating research indicates that ambient outdoor air
pollution impacts the brain and may affect neurodegenerative diseases, yet the potential …