In the past 15 years, B cells have been rediscovered to be not merely bystanders but rather
active participants in autoimmune aetiology. This has been fuelled in part by the clinical …

Despite the overwhelming success of vaccines in preventing infectious diseases, there
remain numerous globally devastating diseases without fully protective vaccines, particularly …

Antibodies play an essential role in host defence against pathogens by recognizing
microorganisms or infected cells. Although preventing pathogen entry is one potential …

A significant fraction of the total immune cells in the body are located in several hundred
lymph nodes, in which lymphocyte accumulation, activation and proliferation are organized …

The germinal center (GC) is a specialized microstructure that forms in secondary lymphoid
tissues, producing long-lived antibody secreting plasma cells and memory B cells, which …

Germinal center (GC) B cells are the source of the high-affinity, class-switched antibodies
required for protective immunity. The unique biology of GC B cells involves iterative rounds …

Whereas T cells have been considered the major immune cells of the tumor
microenvironment able to induce tumor regression and control cancer clinical outcome, a …

Saponins are potent and safe vaccine adjuvants, but their mechanisms of action remain
incompletely understood. Here, we explored the properties of several saponin formulations …

B cell receptor (BCR) signalling is crucial for normal B cell development and adaptive
immunity. BCR signalling also supports the survival and growth of malignant B cells in …

Macrophages are immune cells of haematopoietic origin that provide crucial innate immune
defence and have tissue-specific functions in the regulation and maintenance of organ …