Regulated cell death (RCD), also well-known as programmed cell death (PCD), refers to the
form of cell death that can be regulated by a variety of biomacromolecules, which is …

Since the initial clinical approval in the late 1990s and remarkable anticancer effects for
certain types of cancer, molecular targeted therapy utilizing small molecule agents or …

Abstract Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) on cancer cells engages with programmed
cell death-1 (PD-1) on immune cells, contributing to cancer immune escape. For multiple …

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the paramount causes of cancer-related death
worldwide. Despite recent advances have been made in clinical treatments of HCC, the …

As a critical component of the tumor microenvironment (TME), cancer‐associated fibroblasts
(CAFs) play important roles in cancer initiation and progression. Well‐known signaling …

Simple Summary The mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase
(MAPK/ERK) signaling pathway is frequently activated in liver cancer, which is one of the …

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a subtype of human breast cancer with one of the
worst prognoses, with no targeted therapeutic strategies currently available. Regulated cell …

One of the basic trace elements for the structure and metabolism of human tissue is copper.
However, as a heavy metal, excessive intake or abnormal accumulation of copper in the …

Molecular target inhibitors have been regularly approved by Food and Drug Administration
(FDA) for tumor treatment, and most of them intervene in tumor cell proliferation and …

The RAF family of kinases includes key activators of the pro-tumourigenic mitogen-activated
protein kinase pathway. Hyperactivation of RAF proteins, particularly BRAF and CRAF …