Orally administered probiotics encounter various challenges on their journey through the
mouth, stomach, intestine and colon. The health benefits of probiotics are diminished mainly …

Since the advent of penicillin, humans have known about and explored the phenomenon of
bacterial inhibition via antibiotics. However, with changes in the global environment and the …

Wall teichoic acid (WTA) and lipoteichoic acid (LTA) are structural components of Gram-
positive bacteria's peptidoglycan and cell membrane, which are mostly anionic …

Phenol-soluble modulins (PSMs) and Staphylococcal protein A (SpA) are key virulence
determinants for community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA …

Members of the oral mitis group streptococci including Streptococcus oralis, Streptococcus
sanguinis, and Streptococcus gordonii are the most abundant inhabitants of human oral …

Biomaterials engineering and biotechnology have advanced significantly towards probiotic
encapsulation with encouraging results in assuring sufficient bioactivity. However, some …

In the presence of orthopedic implants, opportunistic pathogens can easily colonize the
biomaterial surfaces, forming protective biofilms. Life in biofilm is a central pathogenetic …

Pathogenic streptococcal species are responsible for a broad spectrum of human diseases
ranging from non-invasive and localized infections to more aggressive and life-threatening …

Microbial cell surface layers, which mainly include the cell membrane, cell wall, periplasmic
space, outer membrane, capsules, S-layers, pili, and flagella, control material exchange …

Cell physiology requires innumerable metalloenzymes supported by the selective import of
metal ions. Within the crowded cytosol, most enzymes acquire their cognate cofactors from a …