Toll-like receptors (TLRs) belong to the pattern recognition receptor (PRR) family, a key
component of the innate immune system. TLRs detect invading pathogens and initiate an …

Immunopolymorphism is considered as an important aspect behind the resistance or
susceptibility of the host to an infectious disease. Over the years, researchers have explored …

Bats are special in their ability to host emerging viruses. As the only flying mammal, bats
endure high metabolic rates yet exhibit elongated lifespans. It is currently unclear whether …

The field of gene therapy has made considerable progress over the past several years.
Adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors have emerged as promising and attractive tools for in …

The human immune system comprises cellular and molecular components designed to
coordinately prevent infection while avoiding potentially harmful inflammation and …

The innate immune system plays a critical role in pathogen recognition and initiation of
protective immune response through the recognition of pathogen associated molecular …

Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) recognize the conserved molecular structure of
pathogens and trigger the signaling pathways that activate immune cells in response to …

Switching macrophages from a pro-tumor type to an anti-tumor state is a promising strategy
for cancer immunotherapy. Existing agents, many derived from bacterial components, have …

Infections are one of the major selective pressures acting on humans, and host-pathogen
interactions contribute to shaping the genetic diversity of both organisms. Evolutionary …

Toll like receptors (TLRs) are present in many different fish families from several different
orders, including cyprinid, salmonid, perciform, pleuronectiform and gadiform …