Vaccines are the key technology to combat existing and emerging infectious diseases.
However, increasing the potency, quality and durability of the vaccine response remains a …

Vaccinations are one of the most important preventive tools against infectious diseases.
Over time, many different types of vaccines have been developed concerning the antigen …

Abstract Unlike conventional Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines, intranasal vaccines
display a superior advantage because the nasal mucosa is often the initial site of infection …

Aluminum-containing adjuvants have been used for nearly 100 years to enhance immune
responses in billions of doses of vaccines. To date, only a few adjuvants have been …

Cancer immunotherapy is an effective antitumor approach through activating immune
systems to eradicate tumors by immunotherapeutics. However, direct administration of …

Messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines against COVID‐19 are the first authorized biological
preparations developed using this platform. During the pandemic, their administration has …

Diseases are a significant impediment to aquaculture's sustainable and healthy growth. The
aquaculture industry is suffering significant financial losses as a result of the worsening …

Vaccines are one of the most significant medical interventions in the fight against infectious
diseases. Since their discovery by Edward Jenner in 1796, vaccines have reduced the …

Mucosal immunization has potential benefits over conventional parenteral immunization,
eliciting immune defense in both mucosal and systemic tissue for protecting from pathogen …

Vaccines, including subunit, recombinant, and conjugate vaccines, require the use of an
immunostimulator/adjuvant for maximum efficacy. Adjuvants not only enhance the strength …