The gut microbiota (GM) is defined as the community of microorganisms (bacteria, archaea,
fungi, viruses) colonizing the gastrointestinal tract. GM regulates various metabolic pathways …

Actions of symbiotic gut microbiota are in dynamic balance with the host's organism to
maintain homeostasis. Many different factors have an impact on this relationship, including …

Tryptophan is an essential plant-derived amino acid that is needed for the in vivo
biosynthesis of proteins. After consumption, it is metabolically transformed to bioactive …

The essential amino acid tryptophan (Trp) is metabolized by gut commensals, yielding in
compounds that affect innate immune cell functions directly, but also acting on the aryl …

The intestine has a major role in the digestion and absorption of nutrients, and gut barrier is
the first defense line against harmful pathogens. Alteration of the intestinal barrier is …

Distinct niches of the mammalian gut are populated by diverse microbiota, but the
contribution of spatial variation to intestinal metabolism remains unclear. Here we present a …

Tryptophan metabolism, via the kynurenine (Kyn) pathway, and microbial transformation of
tryptophan to indolic compounds are fundamental for host health; both of which are altered …

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is characterized by the retention of a myriad of solutes termed
uraemic (or uremic) toxins, which inflict damage to several organs, including the …

Melatonin exhibits extraordinary diversity in terms of its functions and distribution. When
discovered, it was thought to be uniquely of pineal gland origin. Subsequently, melatonin …

The gut microbiota is currently considered an external organ of the human body that
provides important mechanisms of metabolic regulation and protection. The gut microbiota …