The M1/M2 macrophage paradigm plays a key role in tumor progression. M1 macrophages
are historically regarded as anti-tumor, while M2-polarized macrophages, commonly …

Immunotherapy is regarded as the most promising treatment for cancers. Various cancer
immunotherapies, including adoptive cellular immunotherapy, tumor vaccines, antibodies …

Tumor-derived exosome can suppress dendritic cells (DCs) and T cells functions. Excessive
secretion of exosomal programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) results in therapeutic resistance …

In many solid tumor types, tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are important
components of the tumor microenvironment (TME). Moreover, TAMs infiltration is strongly …

The main challenges for programmed cell death 1 (PD-1)/PD-1 ligand (PD-L1) checkpoint
blockade lie in a lack of sufficient T cell infiltration, tumor immunosuppressive …

Cancer development is highly associated to the physiological state of the tumor
microenvironment (TME). Despite the existing heterogeneity of tumors from the same or from …

Abstract The Enhanced Permeability and Retention (EPR) effect has been recognized as the
central paradigm in tumor-targeted delivery in the last decades. In the wake of this concept …

Macrophages are present in most human tissues and have very diverse functions. Activated
macrophages are usually divided into two phenotypes, M1 macrophages and M2 …

With the success of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), significant progress has been made
in the field of cancer immunotherapy. Despite the long-lasting outcomes in responders, the …

Tumor associated macrophages (TAMs) are the most frequent immune cells within tumor
microenvironment (TME). There is growing evidence that TAMs are involved in tumor …