During viral infections, significant numbers of T cells are activated in a T cell receptor-
independent and cytokine-dependent manner, a phenomenon referred to as “bystander …

Toll-like receptors (TLR) play a dual regulatory role in the tumor microenvironment (TME).
TLR agonists (TLRa) elicit both innate and adaptive immune responses to achieve anti …

“Functional cure” is being pursued as the ultimate endpoint of antiviral treatment in chronic
hepatitis B (CHB), which is characterized by loss of HBsAg whether or not anti-HBs …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are evolutionarily conserved molecules that specifically recognize
common microbial patterns, and have a critical role in innate and adaptive immunity …

Our bodies are inhabited by trillions of microorganisms. The host immune system constantly
interacts with the microbiota in barrier organs, including the intestines. Over decades …

The activation of TLR7 signaling in T cells accelerates antigen-specific responses. Such
responses play an essential role in eliminating viral infections and can be anti-tumorigenic …

The COVID-19 pandemic highlights the importance of efficient and safe vaccine
development. Vaccine adjuvants are essential to boost and tailor the immune response to …

Adenosine-to-inosine RNA editing and the catalyzing enzyme adenosine deaminase are
both essential for hematopoietic development and differentiation. However, the RNA …

Neurocognitive impairment (NCI) is one of the most relevant clinical manifestations of
multiple sclerosis (MS). The profile of NCI and the structural and functional changes in the …

Cellular immunotherapy with chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells (CARTs) represents a
breakthrough in the treatment of hematologic malignancies. CARTs are genetically …