Importance Craving, which is a strong desire for drugs, is a newDSM-5diagnostic criterion
for substance use disorders (SUDs), which are the most prevalent, costly, and deadly forms …

Background Nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) aims to temporarily replace much of the
nicotine from cigarettes to reduce motivation to smoke and nicotine withdrawal symptoms …

Delay discounting describes the devaluation of a reinforcer as a function of the delay until its
receipt. Although all people discount delayed reinforcers, one consistent finding is that …

The word 'addiction'these days is used to refer to a chronic condition where there is an
unhealthily powerful motivation to engage in a particular behaviour. This can be driven by …

Background Most people who stop smoking gain weight. This can discourage some people
from making a quit attempt and risks offsetting some, but not all, of the health advantages of …

We have developed a novel human laboratory model to examine two primary aspects of
stress-precipitated tobacco relapse:(1) Does stress reduce the ability to resist the first …

A significant percentage of smokers attempting cessation lapse to smoking within a matter of
days and very few of these individuals recover to achieve abstinence. Current models of …

Women may be at relatively greater risk of smoking-related diseases than men but tend to
have less success than men in quitting smoking. The failure of most outcome studies to …

This article reviews short-term (6 months) and longer term (12–24 months) maintenance of
cessation and relapse in adult smokers and the factors and treatments that affect these …

Background Nicotine is metabolized to cotinine, and cotinine is metabolized to 3′‐
hydroxycotinine (3‐HC) by the liver enzyme cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2A6. More rapid …