Ketamine is a racemic mixture of equal amounts of R-ketamine and S-ketamine and is well
known to anesthesiologists for its unique dissociative anesthetic properties. The …

Capable of reflecting the location and intensity of external harmful stimuli, a nociceptor
network is of great importance for receiving pain-perception information. However, the …

Pain and itch are two closely related but essentially distinct sensations that elicit different
behavioral responses. However, it remains mysterious how pain and itch information is …

Synaptic plasticity such as Long-term potentiation (LTP) is a key mechanism for learning in
central synapses including the cortex. There are two least two major forms of LTPs …

Neuropathic pain is often accompanied by anxiety and depression-like manifestations. Many
studies have shown that alterations in synaptic plasticity in the anterior cingulate cortex …

Long-term limb nerve injury often leads to mirror-image pain (MIP), an abnormal pain
sensation in the limb contralateral to the injury. Although it is clear that MIP is mediated in …

Chronic pain is a complex experience with multifaceted behavioral manifestations, often
leading to pain avoidance at the expense of reward approach. How pain facilitates …

The central amygdala (CeA) with its medial (CeM) and lateral (CeL) nuclei is the brain hub
for processing stimuli with emotional context. CeL nucleus gives a strong inhibitory input to …

Major depressive disorder (MDD), insomnia (INS) and chronic pain (CP) often have high
comorbidity and show high genetic correlation. Here we aimed to better characterize their …

Neuropathic pain induces changes in neuronal excitability and synaptic connectivity in deep
layers of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) that play a central role in the sensory, emotional …