The tryptophan (TRP)-kynurenine (KYN) metabolic pathway is a main player of TRP
metabolism through which more than 95% of TRP is catabolized. The pathway is activated …

Research into cognitive functions across psychological disorders suggests that cognitive
deficiencies may be present across multiple disorders, potentially pointing to a …

Evolution has endowed all humans with a continuum of innate, hard-wired, automatically
activated defense behaviors, termed the defense cascade. Arousal is the first step in …

Anxiety disorders are common and difficult to treat. Some cognitive models of anxiety
propose that attention bias to threat causes and maintains anxiety. This view led to the …

Abstract Nearly 100 years ago, Ivan Pavlov demonstrated that dogs could learn to use a
neutral cue to predict a biologically relevant event: after repeated predictive pairings …

Anxiety and stress disorders are among the most prevalent neuropsychiatric disorders. In
recent years, multiple studies have examined brain regions and networks involved in anxiety …

The Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP) is a quantitative nosological
system that addresses shortcomings of traditional mental disorder diagnoses, including …

Intrusive memories of a traumatic event can be distressing and disruptive, and comprise a
core clinical feature of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Intrusive memories involve …

Complex emotional, cognitive and self‐reflective functions rely on the activation and
connectivity of large‐scale neural circuits. These circuits offer a relevant scale of focus for …

There is an urgent need to address a critical lack of advancement in the
psychopharmacologic treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The clinical, social …